Which hormones does the pancreas release to regulate blood glucose levels?

The pancreas plays a crucial role in regulating blood glucose levels primarily through the release of insulin and glucagon. Insulin is secreted by the beta cells in the pancreas and functions to lower blood glucose levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells, especially in muscle and fat tissues. This hormone also promotes the storage of excess glucose as glycogen in the liver and fat in adipose tissue.

Conversely, glucagon is released by the alpha cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels drop. It stimulates the liver to convert stored glycogen back into glucose, releasing it into the bloodstream to raise glucose levels. This delicate balance between insulin and glucagon ensures that blood glucose levels remain within a narrow and healthy range, responding effectively to the body’s energy needs.

The other hormones listed do not play a direct role in glucose regulation. For instance, cortisol and adrenaline are involved in the stress response and can influence blood sugar levels, but they are not the primary hormones for glucose regulation. Thyroxine and triiodothyronine are thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism but do not directly regulate blood glucose. Similarly, melatonin and oxytocin are involved in sleep regulation and reproductive functions, respectively, but they do not influence blood glucose levels. Thus, insulin