What is the primary function of heterochromatin?

Heterochromatin primarily functions to inhibit gene expression. This form of chromatin is densely packed and often found at the periphery of the nucleus. Its compact structure makes it less accessible to the transcriptional machinery required for gene expression. As a result, genes located within heterochromatin regions are typically not expressed, maintaining a level of gene silencing that is crucial for regulating gene activity and maintaining genomic stability.

This inhibitory role is significant for processes such as cellular differentiation, where specific genes need to be turned off in certain cell types, and for the maintenance of chromosome structure during cell division. Heterochromatin can also play a role in protecting the genome from transposable elements and ensuring proper chromosome segregation.

The other options pertain to functions not characteristic of heterochromatin. Gene transcription and RNA synthesis are associated with euchromatin, which is more loosely packed and accessible for transcriptional activities. Generating new proteins is the result of gene expression, which is inhibited by the dense structure of heterochromatin.