What byproduct is produced during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

During the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, oxygen is produced as a byproduct. This process occurs in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, where light energy is captured by chlorophyll and used to split water molecules (H2O) in a process called photolysis. The splitting of water releases oxygen as a byproduct, alongside protons and electrons. The oxygen produced is then released into the atmosphere, which is crucial for the survival of aerobic organisms.

In contrast, glucose is produced during the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle), while carbon dioxide is used as a reactant in the Calvin cycle and water is primarily used as a source of electrons and protons in the light-dependent reactions.